The Lymph System
To understand lymphedema, it helps to understand the
function of the lymphatic system, which includes an extensive network of lymph
vessels and lymph nodes.
The lymphatic system helps coordinate the immune system’s
function to protect the body from foreign substances.
Here’s how the lymphatic system works: Excess fluid is
collected from the space between tissues in the body and moves through the lymph
vessels. The fluid (now called lymph) isn’t pumped through the body like
blood, but instead is "pushed" through the lymph system as the vessels
are compressed by surrounding muscles. These vessels are different from arteries
and veins, which carry blood.
Filters called lymph nodes remove certain harmful substances
from the lymph fluid, such as bacteria and debris. The fluid from most tissues
or organs is filtered through one or more lymph nodes before draining into the
bloodstream.
What is lymphedema?
Lymphedema is an abnormal buildup of fluid that
causes swelling, most often in the arms or legs. The condition develops when
lymph vessels or lymph nodes are missing, impaired, damaged, or removed.
There are two types of lymphedema: primary and secondary.
Primary lymphedema is rare and is caused by the absence
of certain lymph vessels at birth, or abnormalities in the lymphatic
vessels.
Secondary lymphedema occurs as a result of a blockage or
interruption that alters the flow of lymph through the lymphatic system
and can develop from an infection, malignancy, surgery, scar tissue
formation, trauma, radiation, or other cancer treatment.
Lymphedema can occur within a few days, months, or years after lymphatic
injury.
What are the signs and symptoms of lymphedema?
Symptoms of lymphedema include swelling in the
arms, hands, fingers, shoulders or legs. The swelling may occur for the first
time after a traumatic event (such as bruises, cuts, sunburn, and sports
injuries), after an infection, or in the part of the body that was treated for
cancer.
If you have any of these symptoms, talk to your health care provider. Prompt
treatment can help manage the condition before complications occur.
How is lymphedema diagnosed?
Lymphedema is diagnosed after a careful evaluation
of your medical history, including past surgeries and treatments, an evaluation
of current medications and symptoms, and a complete physical examination.
Sometimes, additional tests may be needed.
How is lymphedema treated?
Lymphedema treatments vary, depending on the stage
and cause of the condition.
If the initial signs and symptoms of swelling are caused by infection,
antibiotics may be prescribed.